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... Effects of Technology in the College Classroom Emma Sink, Marian University Introduction Measures Discussion . Students have become dependent on technology and do not always use it of educational purposes during class. Boredom and lack of interest are common reasons given by students for cell phone use in class. (Olufadi, 2015). Several studies have e amined echnolog age and i effec in he classroom. One study found that higher overall usage of cell phones was correlated with lower GPAs. This study tracked the total amount of time phones were used in and out of school (Felsioni & Godoi, 2017). However, other studies report no impact of classroom phone use on learning. For example, students using phones during a class lecture and students not using phones had the same average lecture quiz scores. (Elder, 2013). Our study examined the relationship between levels of classroom off-task technology use and classroom engagement, attitudes and GPA. We predicted a negative correlation between classroom technology use and all measures of classroom engagement and performance. Methods . Participants: 77 undergraduate students (48 women and 29 men) participated in an online survey. Participants were gathered using a snowball technique. The average age was 20.55 years. Most of the participants were college sophomores or juniors. Procedure: After giving informed consent, students were asked questions about attitudes towards classes and learning, class engagement, technology use in class, GPA and phone usage. A debriefing was given after the survey was completed. Class Attitudes (10 Questions) Hart et al., 2011 I hink ha e a e lea ning in chool i in e e ing Likert scale, 1 -5 (Strongly Disagree - Strongly Agree) Class Engagement (6 Questions) Hart et al., 2011 I a a en ion in cla Likert scale, 1-7 (Strongly Disagree - Strongly Agree) Tech-use (5 Questions) Olufadi, 2015 I e m hone f e en l d ing cla Likert scale, 1-5 (Never - Always) College GPA estimate Results No relationship was found between the level of off-task technology uses and GPA. Class engagement was negatively related to technology use and positively related to classroom attitudes and GPA. Correlation Between Pearson Correlation Technology Use and GPA -.157 Technology Use and Attitude -.189 Technology Use and Engagement -.286* Engagement and Attitudes .612** Engagement and GPA .296** Our hypotheses were that the levels of off-task technology usage in class would be negatively correlated with measures of classroom engagement, attitudes, and performance. The results partially supported the hypotheses. There was a significant negative correlation between tech-use and class engagement but no relation to class attitudes or GPA. However, higher classroom engagement was a significant predictor of higher class attitudes and GPA. A limitation of this study is that it relied on self-report data. We had no element of direct observation of technology use. Students may underestimate their usage. We also had a small number of participants. The finding gge ha a den cla oom engagement is a better indicator of class attitudes and performance rather than the off-task usage of technology in a classroom. In addition, we speculate ha i i one engagemen in cla ha ill infl ence the frequency of technology use in a classroom. References Elder, A.D. (2013). College students cell phone use, beliefs, and effects on their learning. College Student Journal, 47(4), 585-592 Felisoni, D., D., & Godoi A., S. (2017). Cell phone usage and academic performance: An experiment. Computers & Education, 117, 175-187. Hart, S. R., Stewart, K., & Jimmerson, S. R. (2011). The student engagement in schools questionnaire (SESQ) and the teacher engagement form-new (TERF-N): Examining the preliminary evidence. Contemporary school Pscyhology, 15, 67-79. Olufadi, Y. (2015). Gravitating towards mobile phone (GoToMP) during lecture periods by students: Why are they using it? And how can it be measured? Computers and Education, 87, 423-436.  ...

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... The Role of Retail Pharmacy in the Treatment of Mental Illness Melissa Sturgill College of Arts and Sciences, Marian University Indianapolis 3200 Cold Spring Rd, Indianapolis, IN 46222 HISTORY OF ANTIPSYCHOTICS ABSTRACT Mental illness treatment in the United States has developed and changed drastically in the past century. Where in the early 1900s, one with a severe mental illness would be institutionalized, today, the same person could be treated with psychotherapy and medications. Pharmacists are the modern bridge to aid those with mental illness to live on their own and contribute to society. MENTAL ILLNESS IN THE US Due to deinstitutionalization campaigns in the 1900s, there has been a drastic increase in research for a chemical restraint for those with mental illness[2]. The stigma for mental illness in the US has slightly improved but the varied availability of medications and outpatient therapy has made the common person more comfortable with seeking help when experiencing mental illness. Figure 1a. Twenty percent of Americans experience a mental illness. About 2.4 million live with schizophrenia in the United States. Half of all chronic illnesses begin by the age of 14[1]. Antipsychotic medications were found through the efforts to synthesize antimalarial drugs during WWI and WWII. Antihistamines that were manufactured at this time were found to be agent s to potentiate anesthesia 3]. These effects were desirable in being able to sedate those with severe psychosis or having psychotic episodes. A majority of funding for antipsychotic medications comes from private industrial support instead of public research organizations. Antipsychotic medication development started with the fortunate mistake of synthesizing chlorpromazine followed shortly by most of the typical antipsychotic drugs. The introduction of clozapine in 1990 changed the face of schizophrenic treatments and opened the gateway for atypical antipsychotic drugs with little to no extrapyramidal symptoms. PHARMACISTS AND THEIR ROLE Pharmacy atmosphere exists in different environments. Retail Pharmacy In-patient Pharmacy Out-patient Pharmacy Clinical Pharmacy Research Retail pharmacists are responsible for counseling patients, helping with medication management and preventative care screenings. They strive to educate patients on proper use of medication and potential drug interactions. [5] Figure 4. CVS manages more than 1.9 billion prescriptions annually and more than 5 million customers every day. Figure 2. Clozapine RETAIL PHARMACY AND MENTAL ILLNESS Pharmacists help fill the gaps in patient care b educating patients, monitoring medications, and administering injections prescribed by other health care professionals CLASSES OF ANTIPSYCHOTICS Antipsychotic medications are divided into two different classes based on when they were released and the extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) that accompany the drug. Classes include typical and atypical. Within the t pical class are low potency and high potency drugs. The difference between typical and atypical drugs have to do with their extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) and when they were first released for use to the public. Properly diagnosed schizophrenia can be managed with medication and psychotherapy. With mental disorder diagnoses on the rise, pharmacist are instrumental in aiding the general population with information and care so they can independently manage their illnesses. LITERATURE CITED NAMI NAMI: National Alliance on Mental Illness, www.nami.org/LearnMore/Mental-Health-By-the-Numbers. Mental Health Ser ices Then And No The Physician Payments Sunshine Act, www.healthaffairs.org/doi/full/10.1377/hlthaff.26.6.1548. [3]Shen, W W A Histor of Antips chotic Drug De elopment Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports., U.S. National Library of Medicine, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10579370. [4] Papataxiarchis, Makis Managing Schi ophrenia The Role of Pharmacies in Pro iding Continuing Care Pharmacy Times, 2014, www.pharmacytimes.com/publications/directions-inpharmacy/2014/december2014/managing-schizophrenia-the-role-of-pharmaciesin-providing-continuing-care. [5] The Role of Pharmacists in a Changing Health Care En ironment CVS Health, 1 Jan. 1970, cvshealth.com/thought-leadership/the-role-of--pharmacists-in-achanging-health-care-environment. Prescribing At pical Antips chotics in General Practice Oxycodone Use Still Increasing - BPJ Issue 36, bpac.org.nz/BPJ/2011/november/antipsychotics.aspx. [ Figure 1b. More than 10 million adults live with a mental illness while also battling substance addiction. Serious mental illness costs the US $193.2 billion in lost earning every year[1]. Figure 3. This chart shows typical and atypical medications in addition to their known EPS and their severities. [4]  ...

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